Exchange Rates — A-Level Economics Revision

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What is Exchange Rates?

An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. Exchange rates can be determined by market forces of supply and demand (a floating exchange rate system) or fixed by the government or central bank (a fixed exchange rate system). Movements in the exchange rate have significant impacts on a country's international competitiveness, trade balance, and inflation rate.

Board notes: A key international economics topic for AQA, Edexcel, and OCR. All boards expect students to be able to analyse the causes and consequences of exchange rate movements using supply and demand diagrams. Edexcel and AQA place particular emphasis on the J-curve effect and the Marshall-Lerner condition. OCR often requires evaluation of the different types of exchange rate systems.

Worked example

Common mistakes

• 1Confusing appreciation with depreciation. An appreciation is an *increase* in the value of a currency under a floating system (e.g., £1 buys more dollars), while a depreciation is a *decrease* in its value. The terms revaluation and devaluation are used for changes under a fixed system.
• 2Assuming a 'strong' currency is always good for the economy. A strong (appreciated) currency makes imports cheaper, which can help control inflation. However, it also makes exports more expensive, which can harm export industries and widen the current account deficit. The acronym SPICED (Strong Pound, Imports Cheaper, Exports Dearer) is a useful reminder.
• 3Thinking that the Bank of England directly sets the exchange rate. In the UK's floating system, the exchange rate is determined by the market. While the Bank of England can influence it by changing interest rates (higher rates attract foreign savings, boosting demand for the pound), it does not directly fix the rate.

Exchange Rates exam questions

Exam-style questions for Exchange Rates with mark-scheme style solutions and timing practice. Aligned to AQA, Edexcel and OCR specifications.

Frequently asked questions

• What causes a currency's exchange rate to depreciate?

  A currency can depreciate due to a fall in demand or an increase in supply. This could be caused by lower interest rates, higher inflation than other countries, a current account deficit, or speculation that the currency will fall in the future.

• What is the J-curve effect?

  The J-curve effect describes the short-term impact of a currency depreciation on the current account. Initially, the deficit may worsen because import and export contracts are fixed, so the country pays more for imports while export revenues don't change. Over time, as demand becomes more elastic, the deficit should improve as exports become cheaper and more competitive.