Using Scale Bars, Gradients & Bearings — GCSE Geography Revision

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What is Using Scale Bars, Gradients & Bearings?

Beyond basic grid references, advanced map skills include using the scale bar to measure distance, calculating the gradient of a slope, and determining a bearing. The scale bar allows for direct measurement of distance in kilometres or miles. Gradient is a measure of steepness, calculated as the change in height divided by the horizontal distance. A bearing is an angle, measured clockwise from North, used to describe a direction from one point to another.

Board notes: These advanced map skills are tested by all exam boards (AQA, Edexcel, OCR), particularly at Higher Tier. They are often combined in multi-part questions, for example, 'Calculate the distance and bearing from the campsite to the summit of the hill'. Accuracy is key.

Worked example

Common mistakes

• 1Being inaccurate when using the scale bar. You must use a ruler or the edge of a piece of paper to transfer the distance from the map to the scale bar accurately. Don't just guess.
• 2Mixing up the formula for gradient. The formula is 'Rise over Run'. First, calculate the difference in height between two points using contour lines (the Rise). Then, measure the horizontal distance between them on the map (the Run). Make sure both units are the same (usually metres) before dividing.
• 3Measuring a bearing in the wrong direction or from the wrong point. Always draw your North line at the point you are measuring *from*. Then, measure the angle clockwise to the line connecting to the point you are measuring *to*.

Using Scale Bars, Gradients & Bearings exam questions

Exam-style questions for Using Scale Bars, Gradients & Bearings with mark-scheme style solutions and timing practice. Aligned to AQA, Edexcel and OCR specifications.

Frequently asked questions

• How do you measure a bearing?

  1. Join the two points with a straight line. 2. At the starting point, draw a North line pointing straight up the map. 3. Place a protractor with its centre on the starting point and its zero mark on the North line. 4. Measure the angle clockwise from the North line to the line you have drawn. This angle is the bearing.

• How do you measure a curved distance on a map?

  To measure a winding road or river, use a piece of string or the edge of a strip of paper. Lay it along the feature on the map, then straighten it out and measure its length against the scale bar.