Globalisation, Trade & Interdependence — GCSE Geography Revision

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What is Globalisation, Trade & Interdependence?

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. This has been driven by developments in transport and communication technology, and the growth of multinational corporations (MNCs). This increasing interconnectedness leads to interdependence, where the economies, societies, and environments of different countries are linked and affect each other.

Board notes: Globalisation is a key theme in economic geography for all boards (AQA, Edexcel, OCR). Students need to understand the causes, characteristics, and consequences of globalisation, including the role of MNCs and the concept of interdependence.

Worked example

Common mistakes

• 1Thinking globalisation is a new phenomenon. While the pace has accelerated recently, globalisation has been happening for centuries, from the ancient Silk Road trade routes to the age of European exploration.
• 2Assuming globalisation benefits everyone equally. Globalisation has helped to lift millions out of poverty, particularly in Asia, but it has also been criticized for increasing inequality, exploiting workers in LICs, and causing environmental damage.
• 3Confusing interdependence with dependence. Interdependence implies a two-way relationship of mutual reliance. However, critics argue that globalisation has created a system where LICs are still dependent on HICs for trade, investment, and technology.

Globalisation, Trade & Interdependence exam questions

Exam-style questions for Globalisation, Trade & Interdependence with mark-scheme style solutions and timing practice. Aligned to AQA, Edexcel and OCR specifications.

Frequently asked questions

• What is a multinational corporation (MNC)?

  An MNC (also known as a transnational corporation or TNC) is a company that operates in more than one country. Examples include major brands like Coca-Cola, Nike, and Apple. They play a huge role in globalisation by investing in foreign countries and creating global supply chains.

• What is free trade?

  Free trade is an economic policy where governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries. Organisations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) promote free trade, arguing that it increases efficiency and economic growth. However, critics argue it can harm developing economies by forcing them to compete with powerful HICs.